CHAPTER ONE
The Botany of Desire
A Plant's-Eye View of
the World
By MICHAEL POLLAN
Random House
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Desire: Sweetness
Plant: The Apple
(Malus domestica)
If you happened to find yourself on the banks of the Ohio River on a particular
afternoon in the spring of 1806—somewhere just to the north of Wheeling, West
Virginia, say—you would probably have noticed a strange makeshift craft
drifting lazily down the river. At the time, this particular stretch of the
Ohio, wide and brown and bounded on both sides by steep shoulders of land thick
with oaks and hickories, fairly boiled with river traffic, as a ramshackle
armada of keelboats and barges ferried settlers from the comparative
civilization of Pennsylvania to the wilderness of the Northwest Territory.
The peculiar craft you'd have caught sight of that afternoon consisted of a pair
of hollowed-out logs that had been lashed together to form a rough catamaran, a
sort of canoe plus sidecar. In one of the dugouts lounged the figure of a skinny
man of about thirty, who may or may not have been wearing a burlap coffee sack
for a shirt and a tin pot for a hat. According to the man in Jefferson County
who deemed the scene worth recording, the fellow in the canoe appeared to be
snoozing without a care in the world, evidently trusting in the river to take
him wherever it was he wanted to go. The other hull, his sidecar, was riding low
in the water under the weight of a small mountain of seeds that had been
carefully blanketed with moss and mud to keep them from drying out in the sun.
The fellow snoozing in the canoe was John Chapman, already well known to people
in Ohio by his nickname: Johnny Appleseed. He was on his way to Marietta, where
the Muskingum River pokes a big hole into the Ohio's northern bank, pointing
straight into the heart of the Northwest Territory. Chapman's plan was to plant
a tree nursery along one of that river's as-yet-unsettled tributaries, which
drain the fertile, thickly forested hills of central Ohio as far north as
Mansfield. In all likelihood, Chapman was coming from Allegheny County in
western Pennsylvania, to which he returned each year to collect apple seeds,
separating them out from the fragrant mounds of pomace that rose by the back
door of every cider mill. A single bushel of apple seeds would have been enough
to plant more than three hundred thousand trees; there's no way of telling how
many bushels of seed Chapman had in tow that day, but it's safe to say his
catamaran was bearing several whole orchards into the wilderness.
The image of John Chapman and his heap of apple seeds riding together down the
Ohio has stayed with me since I first came across it a few years ago in an
out-of-print biography. The scene, for me, has the resonance of myth—a myth
about how plants and people learned to use each other, each doing for the other
things they could not do for themselves, in the bargain changing each other and
improving their common lot.
Henry David Thoreau once wrote that "it is remarkable how closely the history of
the apple tree is connected with that of man," and much of the American chapter
of that story can be teased out of Chapman's story. It's the story of how
pioneers like him helped domesticate the frontier by seeding it with Old World
plants. "Exotics," we're apt to call these species today in disparagement, yet
without them the American wilderness might never have become a home. What did
the apple get in return? A golden age: untold new varieties and half a world of
new habitat.
As an emblem of the marriage between people and plants, the design of Chapman's
peculiar craft strikes me as just right, implying as it does a relation of
parity and reciprocal exchange between its two passengers. More than most of us
do, Chapman seems to have had a knack for looking at the world from the plants'
point of view—"pomocentrically," you might say. He understood he was working
for the apples as much as they were working for him. Perhaps that's why he
sometimes likened himself to a bumblebee, and why he would rig up his boat the
way he did. Instead of towing his shipment of seeds behind him, Chapman lashed
the two hulls together so they would travel down the river side by side.
We give ourselves altogether too much credit in our dealings with other species.
Even the power over nature that domestication supposedly represents is
overstated. It takes two to perform that particular dance, after all, and plenty
of plants and animals have elected to sit it out. Try as they might, people have
never been able to domesticate the oak tree, whose highly nutritious acorns
remain far too bitter for humans to eat. Evidently the oak has such a
satisfactory arrangement with the squirrel—which obligingly forgets where it
has buried every fourth acorn or so (admittedly, the estimate is Beatrix
Potter's)—that the tree has never needed to enter into any kind of formal
arrangement with us.
The apple has been far more eager to do business with humans, and perhaps
nowhere more so than in America. Like generations of other immigrants before and
after, the apple has made itself at home here. In fact, the apple did such a
convincing job of this that most of us wrongly assume the plant is a native.
(Even Ralph Waldo Emerson, who knew a thing or two about natural history, called
it "the American fruit.") Yet there is a sense—a biological, not just
metaphorical sense—in which this is, or has become, true, for the apple
transformed itself when it came to America. Bringing boatloads of seed onto the
frontier, Johnny Appleseed had a lot to do with that process, but so did the
apple itself. No mere passenger or dependent, the apple is the hero of its own
story.
(C) 2001 Michael Pollan All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-375-50129-0
